SAMWEL A MWASAMAJENGO
Wednesday 16 July 2014
Saturday 15 March 2014
Wednesday 5 March 2014
The Future of Secondary Education in Tanzania Kiswahili or English?
The question of whether to use Kiswahili or English as the language
medium of educational instruction in Tanzania has been long debated.
Following the guidance set down by Mwalimu Julius K. Nyerere himself,
Tanzania has pursued a middle path, striving for universal,
Kiswahili-language primary schooling while offering an increasingly
growing segment of the population with English-language secondary and
tertiary education. Many argue, however, that it is time for a change.
Those who favor English language instruction at every educational level, point to the broader East African community’s acceptance of English-language education, with even formerly Francophone Rwanda joining the ranks of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia and Malawi. Those who wish to see even Tanzania’s primary schools one day switch to English-language instruction imagine that such a move will help to usher Tanzania into the global marketplace, competing with the likes of India and China with its own skilled, English-language workforce. These proponents of English-language education have their eyes firmly fixed on cities like Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha, cities flush with money and personnel from the English-language dominated Tourism and Aid industries. To chart the country’s development path along these lines, however, is as naïve to the realities of economic development as it is disrespectful to the legacy of Kiswahili in its continued shaping of Tanzanian civil society.
From the colonial era through the end of the twentieth century, secondary schools remained essentially elite institutions, training Tanzania’s primary school teachers and government workforce. Tanzania’s majority rural population entered agricultural and pastoral work with only primary school education and many without even that. Primary education was designed to provide the foundations for civil society, teaching all Tanzanians their history, civic rights and responsibilities, a basic understanding of the tools of mathematics and science, the national language of Kiswahili, and the beginnings of English to communicate in an international context. In some of these goals, Tanzanian primary schools have succeeded; in others, they have failed. Among most Standard 7 (final year of primary school) leavers who qualify for secondary school and begin Form 1, most have a high level mastery of Kiswahili and a keen understanding of their government and its history. However, the overwhelming majority arrive at secondary school with abominably poor mathematics skills, virtually no understanding of the methods and processes of scientific investigation and little more than a handful of English words and phrases.
In this twenty-first century, secondary schools are no longer the elite institutions they once were. Rapid school expansion is quickly closing in on President Kikwete’s promise to put a secondary school in every ward in the country. School enrollments are double what they were several years ago. Secondary schools are no longer simply training the government and business leaders of the big cities. They are training farmers, herders, craftworkers, and small-scale entrepreneurs who will continue to live and work in the communities where they were educated.
The average secondary school student who will continue to live and work in the village can nevertheless potentially get a great deal out of a secondary education. The tools of mathematics and science, if properly used, can help farmers, herders and craftworkers to maximize their yields, profits and savings. Rather than simply copying the economic models around them, critical thinkers can evaluate their surroundings empirically, can test alternatives, and can evaluate the results to their own benefit and to the benefits of their families, friends and neighbors. Surely, this is the meaning of “Education for Self-Reliance,” as Mwalimu Nyerere propounded, the ability to use local resources to create sustainable, effective, income-generating projects. This requires no hand-outs from foreign NGOs, no expensive foreign experts in brand new Land Cruisers, and certainly does not require fluency in English. It requires only the critical thinking skills and collaborative efforts of an educated workforce. While secondary schools are capable of this task, they fail at it miserably, in every region, district and ward in the country.
Sitting in Dar, Arusha or even some of the middle-sized towns such as Dodoma, Morogoro or Njombe, the state of secondary education still seems relatively positive. Qualified teachers are widely available (if still often overworked) and resources are plentiful (if not fully accessible by every student). It is in the small towns and villages that the disgraceful state of secondary education and the absurdity of mandating English-language instruction becomes clear. In the larger of the outlying village secondary schools, those schools in district or ward capitals yet still far from the tarmac roads are demonstrably worse now than they were even 3 years ago. For the past 3 years, these schools have watched their enrollments nearly double while their workforce has been cut in half. Their senior teachers have been sent off to become headmasters at the newly built schools even further off the beaten path. These schools used to be able to teach all their periods or were at least just a few teachers shy of being able to achieve that goal. Now there are not even enough teachers to have one per subject for student enrollments exceeding 400 and 500 students. Now, these teachers can do little more than keep discipline and order and the only students who manage to succeed are the ones who mostly teach themselves.
The situation of few qualified teachers, high student enrollments and minimal school resources would be equally challenging in any part of the world. Indeed, this is not a problem limited to Tanzania. Moreover, there are plenty of other countries with fewer teaching facilities and higher student to teacher ratios. Mandating English-language instruction under these conditions however has made an already difficult and challenging environment entirely unable to fulfill even its most basic mandate. Even as police and armed security guards use excessive force to extract taxes from reluctant villagers for new school construction, there are still not enough teachers for minimal staffing needs. Quality standards for both teachers and students have plummeted. Secondary school teachers need only be form 6 leavers with a 3-week teacher training course. Students need no longer make any pretence of passing classes to advance through the ranks. After passing their primary school Standard 7 exam, a student can enter Form 1, fail every class, continue on to Form 2, fail every class, fail the national exam, continue on to Form 3, fail every class, continue on to Form 4, fail every class, fail the national exam and still qualify as a Form 4 leaver. As long as a student pays their fees and does not get pregnant, mere persistence with no academic effort can secure a secondary school degree in Tanzania today. This is shameful and a national embarrassment. Moreover, it does not need to be this way.
While the desire to increase secondary school access for Tanzanian students is an admirable one, the quality of those schools cannot be allowed to suffer anymore in the process. On top of the under-supplied schools, under-trained teachers and under-prepared students, there is the issue of English-language instruction. Even with the best available, thoroughly English-language fluent teachers, the expectation that primary school students with little English experience should enter secondary school and take instruction for all subjects in English is unreasonable. Educational research has long shown that students’ skills and capacities are varied in any classroom setting. An aptitude for foreign languages, while a valuable skill in itself, is not so important as to stake the entire secondary educational system on its mastery. All of those students who might otherwise excel in mathematics, the natural and social sciences or even the non-English humanities but do not have a particular aptitude for foreign languages are being cheated out of an education. Instead of graduating critical thinkers, well-prepared citizens and workers who may or may not perform well in English, Tanzania is producing a generation of students who have spent countless hours memorizing words and phrases they do not understand taught to them by teachers with little understanding themselves. While the current system would still largely fail were it staffed with thoroughly fluent English-language teachers, the grim reality is that English fluency even among secondary school teachers is poor indeed. Perhaps the best illustration of this comes from the National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA) itself.
Every year NECTA issues examinations for Form 2 and Form 4 full of awkward and poorly constructed English sentences, low-quality representational drawings (especially problematic in the Biology exam), and questions that contain a disturbing range of over-simplified generalizations, petty definitions, excessively difficult arcana, and downright inaccuracies. That poorly-prepared students should have to take such poor-quality tests only adds insult to injury. While the English-language medium is not the sole cause of NECTA’s poor performance in the creation of its O-Level examinations, it is a strong contributing factor. The lack of English-fluency of most of the relevant stakeholders (students, their parents and teachers) keeps them from recognizing how bad these tests actually are. By hiding under the cover of the English language, the NECTA test writers escape criticism and accountability for their abysmal performance year after year. If these tests were written in Kiswahili, poorly worded or inaccurate questions would be noticed everywhere and NECTA would be held accountable. As is, there is no opportunity for democratic participation in the process. Either Tanzania needs to hire outside contractors who can actually command the English language to write and grade these tests or else the entire enterprise needs to be abandoned and replaced with Kiswahili-language material.
With so few secondary and tertiary educational materials written in Kiswahili, how can the educational system possibly make this change? This question, though often posed, misses an important alternative. It is quite possible to use foreign language materials in a native-language educational environment. Take for instance Sweden, whose population and language are much smaller than Tanzania’s by comparison. While Sweden has been able to incorporate foreign language study into its curriculum from early primary education onwards, Swedish is used as the medium of instruction for all other subjects from nursery school through to university. There is no reason why Tanzanian students could not use English (or even French, German or Arabic) books in secondary and tertiary education while still allowing teachers to teach in Kiswahili and students to take tests in Kiswahili. Achieving a “reading-level” knowledge of English can still be accomplished while allowing students to learn and express themselves in Kiswahili – a national language that is already the second or even third language learned for many students! As Tanzania looks ahead to the future of its secondary educational system, the time is ripe to ask, “Do we want to create the best Kiswahili educational system in the world, or one of the worst in the English-speaking world?” Elimu gani ni haki ya wananchi wote?
As Nyerere himself was at pains to demonstrate throughout his life, Kiswahili has the ability to express concepts every bit as poetically or precisely as found in any European language. Unlike virtually every one of its neighboring countries, Tanzania has been able to unite numerous and disparate religious and ethnic groups under one national identity and one national language. To discount and dismiss this legacy in favor of an English-language identity will only undo the gains made by the generation that brought independence and further fracture the country along class lines. Tanzania has the chance to become the international center of a vibrant Kiswahili language and culture, spreading its influence throughout East Africa. However, if Tanzania turns away from its own heritage, why should any other country turn towards Tanzania? The choice is either to lead from a position of strength and experience or to follow from a position of weakness. Mpango gani ni haki ya wananchi wote?
Those who favor English language instruction at every educational level, point to the broader East African community’s acceptance of English-language education, with even formerly Francophone Rwanda joining the ranks of Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia and Malawi. Those who wish to see even Tanzania’s primary schools one day switch to English-language instruction imagine that such a move will help to usher Tanzania into the global marketplace, competing with the likes of India and China with its own skilled, English-language workforce. These proponents of English-language education have their eyes firmly fixed on cities like Dar-es-Salaam and Arusha, cities flush with money and personnel from the English-language dominated Tourism and Aid industries. To chart the country’s development path along these lines, however, is as naïve to the realities of economic development as it is disrespectful to the legacy of Kiswahili in its continued shaping of Tanzanian civil society.
From the colonial era through the end of the twentieth century, secondary schools remained essentially elite institutions, training Tanzania’s primary school teachers and government workforce. Tanzania’s majority rural population entered agricultural and pastoral work with only primary school education and many without even that. Primary education was designed to provide the foundations for civil society, teaching all Tanzanians their history, civic rights and responsibilities, a basic understanding of the tools of mathematics and science, the national language of Kiswahili, and the beginnings of English to communicate in an international context. In some of these goals, Tanzanian primary schools have succeeded; in others, they have failed. Among most Standard 7 (final year of primary school) leavers who qualify for secondary school and begin Form 1, most have a high level mastery of Kiswahili and a keen understanding of their government and its history. However, the overwhelming majority arrive at secondary school with abominably poor mathematics skills, virtually no understanding of the methods and processes of scientific investigation and little more than a handful of English words and phrases.
In this twenty-first century, secondary schools are no longer the elite institutions they once were. Rapid school expansion is quickly closing in on President Kikwete’s promise to put a secondary school in every ward in the country. School enrollments are double what they were several years ago. Secondary schools are no longer simply training the government and business leaders of the big cities. They are training farmers, herders, craftworkers, and small-scale entrepreneurs who will continue to live and work in the communities where they were educated.
The average secondary school student who will continue to live and work in the village can nevertheless potentially get a great deal out of a secondary education. The tools of mathematics and science, if properly used, can help farmers, herders and craftworkers to maximize their yields, profits and savings. Rather than simply copying the economic models around them, critical thinkers can evaluate their surroundings empirically, can test alternatives, and can evaluate the results to their own benefit and to the benefits of their families, friends and neighbors. Surely, this is the meaning of “Education for Self-Reliance,” as Mwalimu Nyerere propounded, the ability to use local resources to create sustainable, effective, income-generating projects. This requires no hand-outs from foreign NGOs, no expensive foreign experts in brand new Land Cruisers, and certainly does not require fluency in English. It requires only the critical thinking skills and collaborative efforts of an educated workforce. While secondary schools are capable of this task, they fail at it miserably, in every region, district and ward in the country.
Sitting in Dar, Arusha or even some of the middle-sized towns such as Dodoma, Morogoro or Njombe, the state of secondary education still seems relatively positive. Qualified teachers are widely available (if still often overworked) and resources are plentiful (if not fully accessible by every student). It is in the small towns and villages that the disgraceful state of secondary education and the absurdity of mandating English-language instruction becomes clear. In the larger of the outlying village secondary schools, those schools in district or ward capitals yet still far from the tarmac roads are demonstrably worse now than they were even 3 years ago. For the past 3 years, these schools have watched their enrollments nearly double while their workforce has been cut in half. Their senior teachers have been sent off to become headmasters at the newly built schools even further off the beaten path. These schools used to be able to teach all their periods or were at least just a few teachers shy of being able to achieve that goal. Now there are not even enough teachers to have one per subject for student enrollments exceeding 400 and 500 students. Now, these teachers can do little more than keep discipline and order and the only students who manage to succeed are the ones who mostly teach themselves.
The situation of few qualified teachers, high student enrollments and minimal school resources would be equally challenging in any part of the world. Indeed, this is not a problem limited to Tanzania. Moreover, there are plenty of other countries with fewer teaching facilities and higher student to teacher ratios. Mandating English-language instruction under these conditions however has made an already difficult and challenging environment entirely unable to fulfill even its most basic mandate. Even as police and armed security guards use excessive force to extract taxes from reluctant villagers for new school construction, there are still not enough teachers for minimal staffing needs. Quality standards for both teachers and students have plummeted. Secondary school teachers need only be form 6 leavers with a 3-week teacher training course. Students need no longer make any pretence of passing classes to advance through the ranks. After passing their primary school Standard 7 exam, a student can enter Form 1, fail every class, continue on to Form 2, fail every class, fail the national exam, continue on to Form 3, fail every class, continue on to Form 4, fail every class, fail the national exam and still qualify as a Form 4 leaver. As long as a student pays their fees and does not get pregnant, mere persistence with no academic effort can secure a secondary school degree in Tanzania today. This is shameful and a national embarrassment. Moreover, it does not need to be this way.
While the desire to increase secondary school access for Tanzanian students is an admirable one, the quality of those schools cannot be allowed to suffer anymore in the process. On top of the under-supplied schools, under-trained teachers and under-prepared students, there is the issue of English-language instruction. Even with the best available, thoroughly English-language fluent teachers, the expectation that primary school students with little English experience should enter secondary school and take instruction for all subjects in English is unreasonable. Educational research has long shown that students’ skills and capacities are varied in any classroom setting. An aptitude for foreign languages, while a valuable skill in itself, is not so important as to stake the entire secondary educational system on its mastery. All of those students who might otherwise excel in mathematics, the natural and social sciences or even the non-English humanities but do not have a particular aptitude for foreign languages are being cheated out of an education. Instead of graduating critical thinkers, well-prepared citizens and workers who may or may not perform well in English, Tanzania is producing a generation of students who have spent countless hours memorizing words and phrases they do not understand taught to them by teachers with little understanding themselves. While the current system would still largely fail were it staffed with thoroughly fluent English-language teachers, the grim reality is that English fluency even among secondary school teachers is poor indeed. Perhaps the best illustration of this comes from the National Examinations Council of Tanzania (NECTA) itself.
Every year NECTA issues examinations for Form 2 and Form 4 full of awkward and poorly constructed English sentences, low-quality representational drawings (especially problematic in the Biology exam), and questions that contain a disturbing range of over-simplified generalizations, petty definitions, excessively difficult arcana, and downright inaccuracies. That poorly-prepared students should have to take such poor-quality tests only adds insult to injury. While the English-language medium is not the sole cause of NECTA’s poor performance in the creation of its O-Level examinations, it is a strong contributing factor. The lack of English-fluency of most of the relevant stakeholders (students, their parents and teachers) keeps them from recognizing how bad these tests actually are. By hiding under the cover of the English language, the NECTA test writers escape criticism and accountability for their abysmal performance year after year. If these tests were written in Kiswahili, poorly worded or inaccurate questions would be noticed everywhere and NECTA would be held accountable. As is, there is no opportunity for democratic participation in the process. Either Tanzania needs to hire outside contractors who can actually command the English language to write and grade these tests or else the entire enterprise needs to be abandoned and replaced with Kiswahili-language material.
With so few secondary and tertiary educational materials written in Kiswahili, how can the educational system possibly make this change? This question, though often posed, misses an important alternative. It is quite possible to use foreign language materials in a native-language educational environment. Take for instance Sweden, whose population and language are much smaller than Tanzania’s by comparison. While Sweden has been able to incorporate foreign language study into its curriculum from early primary education onwards, Swedish is used as the medium of instruction for all other subjects from nursery school through to university. There is no reason why Tanzanian students could not use English (or even French, German or Arabic) books in secondary and tertiary education while still allowing teachers to teach in Kiswahili and students to take tests in Kiswahili. Achieving a “reading-level” knowledge of English can still be accomplished while allowing students to learn and express themselves in Kiswahili – a national language that is already the second or even third language learned for many students! As Tanzania looks ahead to the future of its secondary educational system, the time is ripe to ask, “Do we want to create the best Kiswahili educational system in the world, or one of the worst in the English-speaking world?” Elimu gani ni haki ya wananchi wote?
As Nyerere himself was at pains to demonstrate throughout his life, Kiswahili has the ability to express concepts every bit as poetically or precisely as found in any European language. Unlike virtually every one of its neighboring countries, Tanzania has been able to unite numerous and disparate religious and ethnic groups under one national identity and one national language. To discount and dismiss this legacy in favor of an English-language identity will only undo the gains made by the generation that brought independence and further fracture the country along class lines. Tanzania has the chance to become the international center of a vibrant Kiswahili language and culture, spreading its influence throughout East Africa. However, if Tanzania turns away from its own heritage, why should any other country turn towards Tanzania? The choice is either to lead from a position of strength and experience or to follow from a position of weakness. Mpango gani ni haki ya wananchi wote?
Tuesday 4 March 2014
OBSERVER IN FRINGE TV SHOW WHO CALLED SEPTEMBER
Background Information
September is a scientist from a possible future in the 2600s. He is one of a species that is an evolutionary descendant of humans called "Observers", a term coined by Fringe Division. The Observers' goal is to use time travel to study key moments in time leading up to their evolution, and ensure that certain events played out as they wished. This study is a form of reconnaissance for an invasion of past-Earth, which took place in 2015.At the time of his discovery, the team was unaware that there were many of these scientists, as he is nearly indistinguishable in appearance from his contemporaries. As a result, they tended to call him "The Observer". The name "September" is merely a codename, similar to the codenames given to all of the other scientists. Each codename refers to a month in the year.
Altering The Timeline
September believed he was merely fulfilling his duties as a scientist when he went to Walternate's Harvard Lab in 1985. It was here that he expected to witness the man discover the cure for Peter Bishop, who was dying. Instead, however, September accidentally distracted Walternate. Walternate turned to look at his unexpected visitor and missed the indicator color-change in the compound that signaled the cure had been successfully created. By the time September left, the indicator had vanished and Walternate missed the chance to cure his son.September expressed his concerns to his fellow Observers. They acknowledged that September's actions would be dangerous. He had inadvertently changed the outcome of the timeline. Peter Bishop, who should have lived, would now die. This could not be because even one life could dramatically alter the timeline.
Walter Bishop of the Primary Universe crossed over to administer the cure for Peter himself. He took Peter with him back to the Primary Universe. However, tragedy struck and the two plummeted through the ice on Reiden Lake immediately after crossing universes. September saved both of them from drowning. He explained to Walter that one day, he would need a favor from him and then disappeared, and gave him a brief demonstration of his ability to read minds. Witnessing the strong bonds of love between a father and son, Walternate worked tirelessly to save his dying son and Walter crossed universes to save the same boy, stirred something in September. He came to the realization that his own son was important to him, a trait Observers had abandoned long ago. He seemingly came to this conclusion while he was in the car with Walter. Vocalizing his thoughts, he said, "The boy is important. He has to live." He was referring to his own son, but Walter took it to mean Peter was important.
September believed that his intervention would be the end of the problem forever. He was dramatically wrong, however. Walter's crossing over had been unnatural, and broken the barrier between both universes, setting them on collision course. The two worlds were now headed for war- a war that was never meant to be. Perhaps even more drastic, Peter Bishop's life played out very differently, as he was now a resident of an entirely new universe. The consequences of this would not be felt for many years.
Season One
September continued to watch important moments in history and, especially now, the new set of probabilities he himself
Added by MsettThe Beacon was being hunted by John Mosley. Fearful of the consequences if Mosley were to obtain it, yet hesitant to intervene again, September enlisted in Walter to hide the beacon from Mosley. He later observed as Mosely was defeated by Fringe Division, but was attacked by Peter Bishop in the process. However he was able to escape before being detained, although he revealed to Peter his telepathic abilities.
Later on, September appealed to Walter again to stop David Robert Jones from crossing over to the other universe. Jones was intent on meeting up with William Bell and initiating a plan to collapse both universes, which would allow him to prop up his own universe in the process. September took Walter to the Bishops' beach house, where he led Walter to a device that would close the portal to the Other Side.
Season Two
September continued his studies, constantly watching the Fringe Division, taking notes, and photographs.In "August", one of September's contemporaries, codename "August" kidnaps a woman, Christine Hollis, before she can die in a plane crash. August later has a meeting with his superiors and September, and they scold him for saving her, as she was supposed to die and is not "important" to history. They inform him that this problem will soon be corrected by sending a special assassin, Donald Long, to kill Christine. With the assistance of the Fringe Division, August saves her from the assassin, but is mortally wounded in the process and recovered by September before he can be interrogated. As August is dying, September questions August as to his motivation for saving Christine, and August reveals he fell in love with her after watching her for her entire life, and he asks if Christine will now be safe. September comforts him by informing him that Christine is now "important" to history, as she is indirectly responsible for the death of an Observer, and will therefore be allowed to remain alive. He watches August cry as he succumbs to his wounds.
In "Fracture" he is seen taking information from a special courier, in the form of a briefcase. An AWOL Colonel, Raymond Gordon, discovers the existence of the Observers and attempts to attack their couriers using human bombs.
After Walternate successfully crossed over and returned to the Other Side with Peter, September appeared to Olivia in "Over There: Part 1", and left a cryptic message, warning her of the events to come in the form of a picture of Peter activating The Vaccum.
Season Three
September instituted a plan meant to save Walter from drinking a poisonous compound. His plan was two-fold: It would allow him and the other Observers to see whether or not Walter would be willing to let Peter go, as well as save Walter from drinking the compound. It was Peter who drank the compound, but Walter was able to instruct Olivia how to create the cure, as he was the only one who knew how to do it.After Peter activated The Vacuum and created a bridge between the universes, September went back in time and did not save Peter from drowning in the lake. This caused Peter to be erased from existence.
Season Four
Added by AmecilyUltimately, September was kidnapped and shot by Jessica Holt. Olivia and Peter tried to save him and questioned him about what he meant when he told Olivia she was meant to die in all possible futures. Not recalling this, September realized that the moment in question hadn't happened to him yet. He decided to travel through time to discover what he could have meant. He was referring to Olivia having to die at the hand of Walter to stop William Bell from collapsing both universes. After discovering this, he went back in time, ensuring a self-fulfilling prophecy, warning Olivia that she must die. Bleeding out and seeing his life limited, September quickly disappeared.
September resurfaced in Walter's lab, still suffering from the gunshot. Through a synaptic transfer, September revealed to Peter his history. He shared memories of how he had set the entire timeline off course by distracting Walternate.
Added by MsettBefore he departed, September implanted a code into Peter's iris. This code led Peter to the beacon, which shone a light that guided a healed September back into the universe. He confirmed to Peter that he was in the right place, that Olivia was indeed Peter's Olivia, and disappeared.
September resurfaced again to warn Walter that the other Observers were coming. According to Walter, the two developed a plan to rid the world of the Observers.
2015-2036
September began to help Walter create a plan that would rid the world of Observers. As punishment for his continued intervention, the Observers removed September's tech, which resulted in him becoming a human being with emotion. The first film September and Walter watched together was "Singin' in the Rain," prompting September to go by the name Donald O'Connor. He continued to help Walter with the plan until he was taken away by Observers in Pennsylvania. They could find no evidence incriminating "Donald," and instead placed a tracker on him. Donald's son, Michael, was an instrumental part of the plan, as he and Walter intended to send him forward to the year 2167 to change the future evolution of the Observers. Donald and Walter stored Michael in a Pocket Universe to keep him safe. At an unknown time, however, Donald returned for his son and instead put him in the custody of a family on a remote island. He disappeared shortly after and was presumed to be dead.Season Five
After Walter's memories were restored by Michael, he went into the sensory deprivation tank to try and locate September. He had a memory of the New York City landscape and was able to locate September's position. The Fringe Team tracked him down and met with him in his apartment. September revealed much about the plan, including his relationship to Michael, as well as much about the Observers' origins. They went off to retrieve the last pieces of the plan. While in the storage area, Donald and Walter spoke. It is here the Donald revealed that his comment "the boy has to live" in 1985 was in reference to his own son, not Peter. Once the pieces were obtained, Donald explained that he had some last minute business to attend to, promising that he would meet up with the Fringe team soon. When he returned to the lab, the team had gone to retrieve Michael, who had been captured by Windmark. Donald begins building a machine as part of the plan, but a piece of tech he had recover was no longer functioning. He enlisted the help of December to find a replacement. Before the plan is initiated, Donald decides to take Walter's place in taking Michael to the future. However, as the plan is in effect, Donald is shot while leading Michael to the portal and Walter resumes his original role.
Monday 3 March 2014
Thursday 27 February 2014
TANGAZO LA KAZI
TANGAZO LA NAFASI ZA KAZI
Kamishna Mkuu wa Uhamiaji anatangaza nafasi za kazi katika Idara ya
Uhamiaji. Nafasi hizo ni Mkaguzi Msaidizi wa Uhamiaji, Koplo wa
Uhamiaji na Konstebo wa Uhamiaji.A. MKAGUZI MSAIDIZI WA UHAMIAJI (Nafasi 70)
- SIFA ZINAZOHITAJIKA
- Awe na Shahada ya Kwanza au Stashahada ya Juu kutoka Vyuo Vikuu vinavyotambuliwa na Serikali katika fani zifuatazo:
- Awe na umri usiozidi miaka 35
- MAJUKUMU NA KAZI ZA KUFANYA
- Kusimamia doria sehemu za Mipakani, Bandarini, Vituo vya Mabasi, Treni na sehemu zenye vipenyo vya kuingia na kutoka nchini vikiwemo vya majini
- Kusimamia shughuli za upelelezi, kuandaa Hati ya Mashitaka na kuendesha mashitaka
- Kutoa na kupokea fomu mbali mbali za maombi ya Hati za Uhamiaji
- Kufanya Ukaguzi wa Mwanzo wa Maombi mbalimbali
- Kuagiza ufunguaji wa Majalada ya watumiaji
- Kupokea na kukagua Hati za Safari, Fomu za Kuingia na Kutoka Nchini
- Kuidhinisha malipo mbalimbali ya huduma za Uhamiaji kwa wanaostahili
- Kutunza kumbukumbu za ruhusa za watu wanaoingia na kutoka nchini
- Kukusanya, kusimamia na kutunza takwimu za Uhamiaji na Uraia
- Kuandaa majibu ya maombi yote ya huduma za uhamiaji yaliyokubaliwa au kukataliwa
B: KOPLO WA UHAMIAJI (Nafasi 100)
1. SIFA ZINAZOHITAJIKA:
- Awe amehitimu Kidato cha Sita na kufaulu
- Awe na umri usiozidi miaka 30
1. SIFA ZINAZOHITAJIKA:
- Awe amehitimu Kidato cha Nne na kufaulu
- Awe na umri usiozidi miaka 25
- Cheti cha Ufundi Stadi (Full Technical Certificate) kwenye fani ya Umeme na Mitambo
- Cheti au Stashahada ya Uhaziri (Certificate or Diploma in Secretarial Studies) kutoka Chuo kinachotambulika na Serikali
- Cheti au Stashahada ya Kutunza Kumbukumbu (Certificate in Records Management) kutoka Chuo kinachotambulika na Serikali
- Cheti au Stashahada ya Takwimu (Certificate or Diploma in Statatistics ) Kutoka Chuo kinachotambulika na Serikali.
- Cheti au Stashahada ya Vyombo vya Majini (Certificate or Diploma in Marine Transportation and Operations) kutoka Chuo kinachotambulika na Serikali
- Cheti au Stashahada katika fani ya Uchapaji (Printing)
- Ujuzi na Elimu ya Kompyuta na Uandishi mzuri utazingatiwa
- Cheti cha Ufundi Makanika,Kozi ya juu ya Udereva na Leseni ya Udereva Daraja C
E. MAJUKUMU NA KAZI ZA KUFANYA
- Kufungua, kupanga na kutunza majalada ya huduma mbalimbali za Uhamiaji
- Kuandika Hati mbalimbali za Uhamiaji
- Kufanya doria sehemu za Mipakani, Bandarini, Vituo vya Mabasi, Treni na sehemu zenye vipenyo vya kuingia na kutoka nchini vikiwemo vya majini.
- Kusindikiza watuhumiwa wa kesi za Uhamiaji Mahakamani pamoja na wageni wanaofukuzwa nchini
- Kufanya ukaguzi kwenye mahoteli, nyumba za kulala wageni na sehemu za biashara.
- Kuchapa au kuandika kwa kompyuta barua au nyaraka mbalimbali zinazohusu kazi za kila siku za Uhamiaji.
- Kufanya matengenezo/ukarabati wa mitambo na vitendea kazi vya Uhamiaji
- Kuandaa na kutunza takwimu za huduma mbalimbali za uhamiaji
- Nakala za vyeti vya kuhitimu masomo kwa mujibu wa sifa zilizotajwa
- Nakala ya Cheti cha Kumaliza Elimu ya Msingi
- Nakala ya Cheti cha Kuzaliwa
- Picha mbili (Passport Size)
- Barua ya Utambulisho kutoka kwa Mwenyekiti wa Serikali za Mitaa
Maombi yote yapitie posta na barua za maombi ziandikwe kwa mkono.
- Maombi ya nafasi ya Mkaguzi Msaidizi wa Uhamiaji yatumwe kwa:
KATIBU MKUU,
WIZARA YA MAMBO YA NDANI YA NCHI,
S.L.P. 9223,
DAR ES SALAAM
- Maombi ya nafasi ya Koplo wa Uhamiaji na Konstebo wa Uhamiaji yatumwe kwa:
KAMISHNA MKUU WA UHAMIAJI,
S.L.P. 512,
DAR ES SALAAM
Mwisho wa kutuma maombi kwa nafasi zote ni tarehe 27/02/2014
VACANCY ANNOUNCEMENT
The Principal Commissioner of Immigration Services announces vacant
Posts in the Immigration Department. Any Tanzanian Citizen with minimum
qualifications mentioned hereunder is encouraged to apply:A. ASSISTANT INSPECTOR OF IMMIGRATION SERVICES (70 Posts)
- Qualifications:
- Tanzania Citizens aged not above 35 years
- Holder of Bachelor Degree or Advanced Diploma from any University or Institution recognized by the Tanzania Government in the following disciplines:
Law, Economics, Business, Administration, Journalism, Education, Transportation, Human Resource, Computer Science, Information and Communication Technology, Statistics, Printing, Civil Engineering and Mechanical Engineering
- Duties and Responsibilities:
- To supervise patrols along the border areas, sea ports, bus stands, highways, railway stations, business centres and other entry points
- To prepare charge sheets and prosecute in court all immigration related cases
- To issue and receive various application forms for immigration services
- To execute preliminary scrutinization of different application forms
- To authorize opening of customers application files
- To receive and scrutinize Passports and other travel documents
- To authorise collection of government revenues for various immigration services
- To keep records of all persons entering or leaving the country
- To collect, organize and keep statistics of immigration and citizenship services
- To notify customers in writing on the status of their applications
B. CORPORAL OF IMMIGRATION SERVICES (100 Posts)
- Qualifications:
- Tanzania Citizens not above 30 years of age
- Holder of Advanced Certificate of Secondary Education
C. CONSTABLE OF IMMIGRATION SERVICES (100 Posts)
- Qualifications:
- Tanzania Citizens not above 25 years of age
- Holder of Certificate of Secondary Education
D. ADDED ADVANTAGES:
- Certificate or Diploma in Law
- Computer knowledge and typing
- Full Technician Certificate (FTC) in Electricity and Mechanical Engineering
- Certificate or Diploma in Secretarial duties
- Certificate or Diploma in Records Management
- Certificate or Diploma in Statistics
- Certificate or Diploma in Marine Transport and Operations
- Certificate in Trade Test Grade II, Advanced Drivers Course Grade II and Driving License Class C
- Certificate or Diploma in Printing
- Certificate or Diploma in Civil Engineering
- Certificate or Diploma in Statistics
- Duties and Responsibilities:
- To conduct patrols along the border areas, sea ports, bus stands, highways, railway stations, business centres and other entry points
- To conduct inspections in the hotels, guest houses and other business premises
- To issue Immigration forms and information on the requirements for the services sought
- To escort immigration accused aliens/citizens in court
- To escort deported aliens outside the country
- To open and keep customers’ files in good order
- To apprehend suspected immigration offenders
- To make maintenance and regular service of equipment
- To collect, organize and keep immigration related statistics
D. APPLICATION LETTERS MUST BE ACCOMPANIED WITH:
- Two recent passport size photographs
- Photocopy of Academic Certificates/Trainings
- Photocopy of Birth Certificate
- Letter of Introduction from Village/Ward Executive Officer or Sheha
- Secondary/Advanced Secondary School Leaving Certificate
- Primary school leaving Certificate
All applications must be hand written and have to be submitted through Post Office
- All applications for the post of Assistant Inspector of Immigration Services should be channeled to:
The Permanent Secretary,
Ministry of Home Affairs,
P.O. Box 9223,
DAR ES SALAAM
- All applications for the post of Corporal and Constable of Immigration Services should be channeled to:
The Principal Commissioner of Immigration Services,
P.O. Box 512,
DAR ES SALAAM
Deadline for submission of applications: February 27, 2014.
Tuesday 11 February 2014
MBIO ZA URAISI 2015 KUVURUGA BUNGE LA KATIBA
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu.
SOURCE; http://www.raiamwema.co.tz TOLEO 336
BAADHI
ya wagombea wanaotajwa kuwania urais katika Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka
2015 wanadaiwa kuanza kujenga makundi ya kupinga serikali tatu ndani ya
Bunge la Katiba, imefahamika.
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.EmT1b13D.dpuf
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.EmT1b13D.dpuf
BAADHI
ya wagombea wanaotajwa kuwania urais katika Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka
2015 wanadaiwa kuanza kujenga makundi ya kupinga serikali tatu ndani ya
Bunge la Katiba, imefahamika.
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu.
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.Vew4Qhnr.dpuf
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu.
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.Vew4Qhnr.dpuf
BAADHI
ya wagombea wanaotajwa kuwania urais katika Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka
2015 wanadaiwa kuanza kujenga makundi ya kupinga serikali tatu ndani ya
Bunge la Katiba, imefahamika.
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.EmT1b13D.dpuf
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.EmT1b13D.dpuf
BAADHI
ya wagombea wanaotajwa kuwania urais katika Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka
2015 wanadaiwa kuanza kujenga makundi ya kupinga serikali tatu ndani ya
Bunge la Katiba, imefahamika.
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu.
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.Vew4Qhnr.dpuf
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu.
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.Vew4Qhnr.dpuf
BAADHI
ya wagombea wanaotajwa kuwania urais katika Uchaguzi Mkuu wa mwaka
2015 wanadaiwa kuanza kujenga makundi ya kupinga serikali tatu ndani ya
Bunge la Katiba, imefahamika.
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu.
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.Vew4Qhnr.dpuf
Kwa mujibu wa habari ambazo gazeti hili limezipata, wanasiasa hao wanaamini kwamba chini ya mfumo wa serikali tatu uliopendekezwa na Tume ya Mabadiliko ya Katiba, Rais wa Tanzania hatakuwa na nguvu kama alizonazo sasa Rais Jakaya Kikwete.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wagombea hao wameandaa makundi ambayo kazi yake kubwa itakuwa ni kushawishi wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wasikubali muundo wa serikali tatu.
“Tunachotaka sisi ni serikali mbili kama ilivyo sasa, zikiwa na mabadiliko kidogo kwa ajili ya Zanzibar. Watu wanataka urais kwa sababu wanataka wawe na mamlaka ambayo anayo Kikwete sasa.
“Kuna faida gani kuwa Rais wa Tanganyika wakati si Amiri Jeshi Mkuu? Kuna faida gani ya kuwa Rais wa Tanzania wakati rasilimali zote muhimu ziko kwa nchi washirika?
“Huyu rais wa Tanzania atageuka kuwa ombaomba na siku marais wenzake washirika wakiamua kumuwekea ‘kauzibe’ basi atabaki amekaa Ikulu bila lolote la maana.
“Utaona kwenye Bunge la Katiba. Sisi tutapambana kuhakikisha kwamba suala la serikali tatu linashindwa. Ni ama serikali mbili zilizoboreshwa au hakuna serikali tatu,” alisema mmoja wa wapambe wa mmoja wa wanasiasa wa Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) wanaotajwa kutaka kuwania urais.
Gazeti hili limeambiwa kwamba kampeni hizi dhidi ya serikali tatu ndani ya Bunge hilo zitapamba moto na kuwa hadharani mara baada ya kutangazwa kwa majina ya wajumbe wa Bunge hilo wakati wowote kutoka sasa.
Raia Mwema limeambiwa kwamba wenye nia hiyo wanajua kwamba watahitaji kura zisizozidi 310 ndani ya Bunge hilo, kuhakikisha kwamba suala hilo halipitishwi.
Rais Kikwete tayari ametangaza kwamba endapo Rasimu ya Katiba haitapitishwa katika Bunge hilo, Tanzania itaendelea kutumia iliyopo; jambo ambalo litapokewa kwa furaha na wagombea hao.
Akizungumzia hali hiyo, mmoja wa wajumbe wa Tume ya Katiba, Profesa Mwesiga Baregu, aliliambia gazeti hili wiki hii kwamba wao hawakufanya kazi kwa kuangalia wanaotaka urais wanahitaji nini, bali maslahi ya wananchi.
“Kilichopendekezwa na Tume kimetokana na maoni ya Watanzania walio wengi. Kama kuna watu wanafikiri vingine, sisi hatujui kwanini lakini tulitakiwa kukusanya maoni ya wananchi na kilichopo kwenye ripoti ndicho wanachotaka,” alisema Baregu.
- See more at: http://www.raiamwema.co.tz/urais-kuvuruga-bunge-la-katiba#sthash.Vew4Qhnr.dpuf
Tuesday 4 February 2014
NGONO YA MDOMO NI HATARI
Leo ni siku ya Saratani Duniani. Wakati tunaadhimisha siku hii
hapa nchini idadi ya vijana ambao ni tegemeo la taifa inazidi kupungua
kutokana kuangamia kwa saratani ikiwemo ya koo.
Utafiti uliofanywa na Shirika la Afya Duniani
(WHO) nchini umeonyesha asilimia 20 ya saratani ya koo husababishwa na
ngono ya mdomo maarufu kama ‘Oral Sex”.
Utafiti huo unaonyesha saratani ya koo licha ya kuambukizwa na njia mbalimbali ikiwemo ulaji wa vyakula vyenye pilipili,
pombe kali, vitu vyenye uchachu pamoja na kurithi kutoka kwa wazazi.
Utafiti unaonyesha watu wengi hasa vijana
wanamejiingiza kwenye vitendo hivi vya kufanya ngono wakitumia midomo
hasa ndimi, hivyo kuhatarisha uhai wao.
Katika utafiti huo wa hivi karibuni, ulibaini
wanaume 747 na wanawake wakiwa 472 hugundulika kila mwaka kuwa na
saratani hiyo huku wanaopoteza maisha kila mwaka ni wanaume 444
wakifuatiwa na wanawake 270 kutokana na ugonjwa huo.
Utafiti unabainisha kuwa asilimia kubwa ya vijana
wenye umri kati ya miaka 20 hadi 45 wanatumia staili ya kuwanyonya wenza
wao sehemu za siri lengo likiwa ni kuwavutia wapenzi wao katika
kushiriki ngono.
Vijana wenye umri huo ndio wahanga wakubwa kwa
sasa kutokana na ugonjwa huo kuonekana kuwaathiri kwa kasi, huku wengi
wakiwa hawajui athari zake. Baadhi hujisifia kwamba ni wajuzi, kumbe
wanajitafutia kifo kwa kufanya vitendo hivyo.
Utafiti unaonyesha kwa watu wazima walio wengi
hawana muda wa kufanya hayo wanayofanya vijana, hivyo kujikuta angalau
wanakuwa salama na kupatwa na saratani ya koo kwa njia hiyo inayoonekana
kama ni chafu pia.
Daktari Bingwa wa Magonjwa ya Saratani kutoka
Taasisi ya Saratani ya Ocean Road, Dk Crispin Kahesa anasema saratani
ya koo ni ya pili katika mtiririko wa saratani zinazowapata wanaume
nchini, ikiongozwa na ile ya ngozi (Karposi’s Sarcoma) ambayo
huambukizwa kwa njia ya kujamiana. Kuna saratani aina zaidi ya 24
zinazoisumbua Tanzania.
Anasema mbali na staili hiyo pia, kuna baadhi ya
watu hupata saratani ya koo kwa kurithi kutoka kwa wazazi wao na
wengine kuwa na umri mkubwa ambao huchangia kupata tatizo hilo, lakini
siyo kwa asilimia kubwa kama ile ya ngono ya mgomo.
“Hali hii ya vijana wenye umri huo kuwanyonya
wanawake inatokana na ujana, wengine wanaiga kwenye mitandao, lakini
mambo haya hayakuwepo zamani tofauti na sasa, utakuta wanaume ili aweze
kumvutia mwanamke anamfanyia hivyo sehemu za siri, lakini zamani staili
hii haikuwepo kabisa,” anasema Dk Kahesa na kuongeza. Kuna njia nyingi tu za kumvutia mwanamke lakini siyo hii bila
kujua madhara yaliyopo, vijana wengi nchini wanaona njia rahisi ya
kupendwa na mwanamke ni hiyo wakati kuna njia nyingi za kufanya. Nje ya
hiyo wanawake wengine huwa na magonjwa mbalimbali, kwa jumla hakuna
usalama wowote kwa wanaume kufanya kitendo hicho,”anaongeza
Sababu nyingine zaidi
Anasema staili ya maisha nayo imechangia
kuongezeka kwa ugonjwa huo, vijana wengi kwa sasa hutumia muda mwingi
kuangalia video za ngono na staili zinazofanywa na wenzetu wa nje na
hivyo kuongezeka kwa matumizi ya ngono ya mdomo.
Dk Kahesa anasema asilimia 12 ya wagonjwa wote wa
saratani nchini wanasumbuliwa na saratani ya koo, hivyo kuna kila
sababu kwa vijana kubadilisha tabia na kuepuka kuiga mitindo ya wenzetu
wazungu ambayo mara nyingi inapotosha mila na tamaduni za Kiafrika.
Anasema katika mtiririko wa saratani zinazoongoza
nchini saratani ya koo inashika nafasi ya tano, wagonjwa wengi
wanaopatwa na ugonjwa huo ni watu wenye umri mkubwa wa miaka 60 na
kuendelea hiyo inaonyesha kuwa wengi wao walianza ngono ya mdomo muda
mrefu wakati wakiwa bado wadogo.
“Asilimia kubwa ya wagonjwa wanaopatikana na kansa
ya koo nchini, inawapata watu wenye umri wa kuanzia miaka 60 na
kuendelea kutokana na wengi wao kuanza mapema vitendo vya ngono kwa
njia ya mdomo wakati bado wadogo au wengine kurithi kutoka kwa wazazi
wao,” anasema Dk Kahesa.
Aina ya kansa ya koo
Tafiti zinaonyesha kuna aina mbili za saratani ya
koo; aina ya kwanza ni “Oesophagus Carcinoma na Squamous cell carcinoma,
zote hutofautiana wakati zinapimwa kwenye darubini lakini matibabu
yake yanafanana.
Aina hizo ndizo zilizopo nchini na huanza mapema
kuharibu seli ambazo zipo katika utandu uliopo katika ukuta wa koo
kabla ya kuenea katika maeneo mengine ya koo.
Visababishi vya kansa ya koo:
Moja kati ya vitu vinavyosababisha kansa ya koo ni
mwenendo wa maisha yetu kwa kula vyakula vyenye asidi, vyakula
vichachu, vyakula vyenye pilipili, pombe kali na vyakula vigumu ambavyo
hukwaruza koo na hivyo kusababisha saratani.
Anasema asilimia 90 ya wagonjwa wanaopokelewa
katika Taasisi ya Saratani ya Ocean road wanakuwa na historia ya
kutumia vikali kama pombe kali, kuvuta sigara kwa kupindukia, kula
pilipili kwa wingi na kutumia vitu vyenye uchachu.
Dalili za saratani ya koo
Moja kati ya dalili za mgonjwa wa saratani ni
chakula kukwama kwenye koo, siku za mwanzo mgonjwa anaweza kushindwa
kumeza chakula kigumu kisha cha majimaji na baadaye akashindwa kumeza
hata mate.
Ugonjwa huo unachukua muda mrefu kugundua na
kuona viashiria kwani mwanzo mgonjwa huanza kupata shida kumeza
chakula na kwamba wagonjwa wengi wanaofika katika Taasisi hiyo ya
Saratani wanakuwa tayari wamechelewa kwani wanakuwa katika hatua ya
mwisho.
“Unaweza usionyeshe dalili lakini kadri siku
zinavyokwenda ndiyo kunakuwa na dalili zinajitokeza pia katika kipindi
hicho mtu anakuwa na maumivu wakati wa kumeza chakula, maumivu katika
kifua na mgongo na hata kupungua uzito pamoja na kikohozi kikavu
kinachoweza kudumu mwezi mmoja,” anasema.
Njia ya kuzuia saratani ya koo.
Kwanza mtu mwenye ugonjwa huo anapaswa kuhawi
hospitali ili aanze matibabu mapema kutokana na ukweli kwamba mgonjwa
anayewahi kupata matibabu ana uwezekano wa kupona kuliko yule ambaye
amechelewa kugundulika na kuanza matibabu.
Kama saratani hiyo itakuwa imeshambulia viungo
vyote vilivyopo jirani na koo na hadi kufika katika tezi au kiungo
kingine cha mwili, mgonjwa anaweza kutibiwa kwa njia ya upasuaji,
kutumia mionzi na hata kifaa maalumu ambacho ni kemikali.
Tafiti zilizofanywa nchini
Wataalamu mbalimbali nchi wamefanya tafiti
zinazohusiana na ugonjwa huo na kusema kuwa kati ya mwaka 1983 hadi 1992
kulikuwa na kati ya watu 546 waliopimwa, wanaume 430 na wanawake 116
waligundulika kuwa na ugonjwa huo.
Utafiti huo ulishirikisha watu wenye umri wa
miaka 21 hadi 90, ulibaini kuwa wagonjwa wengi walikuwa wenye umri wa
miaka 50-59 tofauti na hali iliyopo sasa ugonjwa wa kansa ya koo
unawaathiri vijana wenye umri wa miaka 40.
Dk Kahesa anasema katika kipindi cha miaka saba
iliyopita takwimu za taasisi yake imeongezeka kutoka kutoka wagonjwa 167
hadi kufikia wagojwa 277. Hali inaonekana huenda ikaongezeka kutokana
na ukweli kwamba wengi wa watu wanaonekana kuendeleza tabia hatarishi
zikiwemo hizo za kutumia midomo.
Magonjwa mengine sehemu za siri
Miongoni mwa magojwa ambayo yanaweza kumpata mtu ambaye
ananyonya au kulambana sehemu hizo ni pamoja na gonjwa wa gonoreha,
ambapo ugonjwa huu huanzia katika koo na mwanzoni huhisi kama ni ukavu
wa kifua au maradhi ya kawaida ya kifua, ila baadaye hushuka na kuelekea
katika viungo vya uzazi.
Ugonjwa mwingine ni kaswende ambao huambukizwa
kirahisi zaidi kupitia mdomo na hasa pale inapotekoa mdomo unapokutana
na kiungo chenye athari hizo.
Vile vile ugonjwa wa chlamydia ni moja wapo kati
ya magonjwa ya zinaa ambao huambukizwa kwa bakteria na kwamba ugonjwa
huu pia huambukizwa kupitia mdomo, ingawa waathirika wanaweza wasijijue
maana huwa hauna dalili kwa muda mrefu.
Hepatitis A: Hiki ni ni kirusi kinachopatikana
katika kinyesi cha binadamu, kirusi hiki huwaingia wale wanaopenda
kunyonya na kulambana sehemu za haja kubwa. Ni kwamba kwa ugonjwa huu
mtu anaweza akaharibika macho hadi kupofuka.
Hepatitis B: Ugonjwa huu huambukizwa kama virusi
vya Ukimwi kwa sababu virusi vyake hukaa katika majimaji yanayotoka
katika sehemu za siri na damu. Mtu akiwa na ugonjwa huu, mwili wake
unakuwa na vipele vingi na hata majipu ambayo huwa magumu kupona na wapo
wanaokufa.
Vile vile ugonjwa wa Hepatitis C: ni ugonjwa
ambao hupatikana pindi damu inapotoka maana vijidudu vyake vinakaa
katika damu. Ugonjwa huu humfanya mtu kuvimba viungo na hata kukatika.
Hata hivyo kupitia staili hii yaupeana raha kwa
kunyonyana sehemu za siri, kuna uwezekano wa kupata maambukiz ya virusi
vya Ukimwi kwa uchache lakini kwa nchi zilizoendelea wamebuni aina ya
kondom ambazo huvaliwa katika mdomo wa binadamu na hivyo kupunguza
hatari ya kupata madhara hayo.
JE NGUVU ZA KIUME ZINACHANGIA?
Dk Kahesa anasema hakuna utafiti wa moja kwa moja
unao onyesha kuwa baadhi ya wanaume wanaofanya ngono kwa njia ya mdomo
wanakuwa na upungufu wa nguvu za kiume.
“Utafiti wa mtu mmoja hautoshi kuonyesha kuwa
baadhi ya wanaume wanafanya ngono kwa njia ya mdomo wanakuwa na ukosefu
wa nguvu za kiume, hivyo kinachotakiwa ni kufanya utafiti wa kina ili
kubaini kama tatizo hilo lipo licha ya kuwepo kwa kesi nyingi
zinazodaiwa kuwa baadhi ya wanaume hawana nguvu za kiume na wapenzi wao
huwafichia siri kwa kufanya nao mapenzi kwa njia yam domo”anasema.
NINI KIFANYIKE:
Wataalamu wa masuala ya ndoa na saikolojia
wanasema kuna njia nyingi za kuandaana wakati wa tendo la ndoa tofauti
na kunyonyanyana sehemu za siri.
Wataalamu hao wanasema sio sahihi kwa mwanaume au mwanamke
kunyonyana sehemu za ndoa mwenzake na kwamba staili hizo ni staili za
wanzetu wa nje lakini kitu kinachosababisha kukua kwa kasi kwa staili
hiyo ya kunyonyonyana sehemu za siri au kufanya mapenzi kwa njia ya
mdomo ni kutokana na kasi ya utandawazi.
Wadadisi wa mambo wanadai kuwa baadhi ya watu
huiga staili hizo kutoka katika mitandao bila kujali kuwa kuna zina
madhara makubwa, hivyo ni jukumu la kila mtu kulinda afya yake na ya
mwenza wake.
Sio kila kitu kinachowekwa katika mitandao ya kijamii kina manufaa la hashaa! vitu vingine vinachangia kuhatarisha maisha.
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